lundi 25 mai 2009

Livres sur les animaux en philosophie

E. de Fontenay, Le Silence des bêtes, Fayard, 1999

citations

J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, in The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, Londres, University of London The Athlone Press, p. 283.

« Le jour viendra peut-être où le reste de la création animale acquerra ces droits qui n’auraient jamais pu être refusés à ses membres autrement que par la main de la tyrannie. Les Français ont déjà découvert que la noirceur de la peau n’est en rien une raison pour qu’un être humain soit abandonné sans recours au caprice d’un bourreau. On reconnaîtra peut-être un jour que le nombre de pattes, la pilosité de la peau, ou la façon dont se termine le sacrum sont des raisons également insuffisantes pour abandonner un être sensible à ce même sort. Et quel autre critère devrait marquer la ligne infranchissable ? Est-ce la faculté de raisonner, ou peut-être celle de discourir ? Mais un cheval ou un chien adultes sont des animaux incomparablement plus rationnels, et aussi plus causants, qu’un enfant d’un jour, ou d’une semaine, ou même d’un mois. Mais s’ils ne l’étaient pas, qu’est-ce que cela changerait ? La question n’est pas : peuvent-ils raisonner ? ni : peuvent-ils parler ? mais : peuvent-ils souffrir ?


  • Cette première séance a réuni 24 personnes, dont M. Renaut, professeur de philosophie et M. Bréchet, professeur de littérature grecque. Les étudiants venaient principalement de la licence Humanités, toutes années confondues.

La séance a débuté par un résumé du “A comme Animal” de l’Abécédaire de Deleuze, mettant en perspective plusieurs questions:

-Qu’est-ce qui me sépare de l’animal, au point de l’exclure de toute communication ou empathie?

-Comment peut-on constituer une forme de communauté avec l’animal? Peut-on penser comme Deleuze, pour qui la relation la meilleure entre l’homme et l’animal est “une relation animale avec l’animal”?

  • Les participants vont alors soumettre plusieurs problèmes:

- le problème de la chasse et de la production industrielle.

-la question du végétarisme. Faut-il être végétarien? Pour certains, l’animal vit pour être mangé, il est donc vu et traité d’abord en vue d’une utilité, comme un moyen en vue d’une fin.

-la question de la souffrance, de la pitié que nous pouvons ressentir. Jusqu’où reconnait-on la souffrance de l’animal?

  • Citations:

J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, in The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, Londres, University of London The Athlone Press, p. 283.

« Le jour viendra peut-être où le reste de la création animale acquerra ces droits qui n’auraient jamais pu être refusés à ses membres autrement que par la main de la tyrannie. Les Français ont déjà découvert que la noirceur de la peau n’est en rien une raison pour qu’un être humain soit abandonné sans recours au caprice d’un bourreau. On reconnaîtra peut-être un jour que le nombre de pattes, la pilosité de la peau, ou la façon dont se termine le sacrum sont des raisons également insuffisantes pour abandonner un être sensible à ce même sort. Et quel autre critère devrait marquer la ligne infranchissable ? Est-ce la faculté de raisonner, ou peut-être celle de discourir ? Mais un cheval ou un chien adultes sont des animaux incomparablement plus rationnels, et aussi plus causants, qu’un enfant d’un jour, ou d’une semaine, ou même d’un mois. Mais s’ils ne l’étaient pas, qu’est-ce que cela changerait ? La question n’est pas : peuvent-ils raisonner ? ni : peuvent-ils parler ? mais : peuvent-ils souffrir ?


Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes :

« Il y a d’ailleurs un autre principe que Hobbes n’a point aperçu et qui, ayant été donné à l’homme pour adoucir, en certaines circonstances, la férocité de son amour-propre, ou le désir de se conserver avant la naissance de cet amour, tempère l’ardeur qu’il a pour son bien-être par une répugnance innée à voir souffrir son semblable. Je ne crois pas avoir aucune contradiction à craindre, en accordant à l’homme la seule vertu naturelle, qu’ait été forcé de reconnaître le détracteur le plus outré des vertus humaines. Je parle de la pitié, disposition convenable à des êtres aussi faibles, et sujets à autant de maux que nous le sommes; vertu d’autant plus universelle et d’autant plus utile à l’homme qu’elle précède en lui l’usage de toute réflexion, et si naturelle que les bêtes mêmes en donnent quelquefois des signes sensibles. Sans parler de la tendresse des mères pour leurs petits, et des périls qu’elles bravent pour les en garantir, on observe tous les jours la répugnance qu’ont les chevaux à fouler aux pieds un corps vivant; un animal ne passe point sans inquiétude auprès d’un animal mort de son espèce; il y en a même qui leur donnent une sorte de sépulture; et les tristes mugissements du bétail entrant dans une boucherie annoncent l’impression qu’il reçoit de l’horrible spectacle qui le frappe. (…)

Tel est le pur mouvement de la nature, antérieur à toute réflexion: telle est la force de la pitié naturelle, que les mœurs les plus dépravées ont encore peine à détruire, puisqu’on voit tous les jours dans nos spectacles s’attendrir et pleurer aux malheurs d’un infortuné tel, qui, s’il était à la place du tyran, aggraverait encore les tourments de son ennemi. » (…)

Par ce moyen, on termine aussi les anciennes disputes sur la participation des animaux à la loi naturelle. Car il est clair que, dépourvus de lumières et de liberté, ils ne peuvent reconnaître cette loi; mais, tenant en quelque chose à notre nature par la sensibilité dont ils sont doués, on jugera qu’ils doivent aussi participer au droit naturel, et que l’homme est assujetti envers eux à quelque espèce de devoirs. Il semble, en effet, que si je suis obligé de ne faire aucun mal à mon semblable, c’est moins parce qu’il est un être raisonnable que parce qu’il est un être sensible; qualité qui, étant commune à la bête et à l’homme, doit au moins donner à l’une le droit de n’être point maltraitée inutilement par l’autre.”

Gary Francione

The Unofficial Gary Francione Website

This website is dedicated to examining and promoting the animal rights philosophy of Gary L. Francione. He is not associated with this site. Professor Francione's official site (including his blog) is at abolitionistapproach.com. His faculty page at Rutgers Law School is here.


projets

- Projets :

- Partager des recettes vegan
- Terminer mon mémoire sur Heidegger et les animaux
- Écrire un article sur Heidegger et Uexkull
- Écrire un livre ou un article sur Aristote et Heidegger
- Écrire un livre sur les dénégations des philosophes contemporains
- Suivre des cours et lires des livres et articles sur l'éthologie contemporaine.

1. Manger mieux. Plus de légumineuses. Noter mes recettes. (section "merveilleuses légumineuses" : bajhi oignons; boulettes zucchinis sauce tomate épicée, coriandre, yogourt et menthe; couscous légumes et pois chiches; bulgur et persil; pita carottes et tofu; pita persil, coucous et tomates; soupe chou; cigares chou; pizzas; etc.)

  1. Learn how to cook for yourself, cook for others, start a blog or write a cookbook, or teach a course in vegan cooking. One of the most common impediments to veganism is knowing what to cook and how to cook it well. If you don't know yourself, get a couple of cookbooks and try to develop your skills. If you're a seasoned vegan cook, write a cookbook or teach a class to help educate others about vegan cooking. Make it clear to others how easy it is for them to adopt veganism.
  2. Start a food coop, a vegan buying club or start a garden of your own. If you can, become more self-reliant and help your communities become more self-reliant. Locally produced food usually tastes a lot better, too! You don't have to restrict this just to food. Lots of vegan businesses have successfully combined simple Web sites, e-commerce and local coops that can provide them with vegan goods produced through fair labor, including shoes, scarves, wallets, food, candy, etc., to vegans without local alternatives. If you don't have to contribute economically to businesses that exploit nonhuman animals, you help to build strong vegan and abolitionist alternatives to the current market.
  3. Inform yourself about social justice movement history, animal law or animal rights philosophy (read books, take courses, take a degree). There are a number of well written books about the human/nonhuman animal relationship, about effective strategy and tactics for social change, and about the legal challenges nonhuman animals face as property. Animal rights as a social justice movement needs activists who understand the similarities and differences between the struggle to end animal slavery and other liberation struggles from both a legal and social perspective.
  4. Inform yourself and others about animal use and macroeconomics (read a book on macroeconomics, take a course or take a degree). Very few activists understand economics very well, and making lasting change for animals in part means understanding what economic actions can help animals and which can't by helping to undermine animal slavery as an economic structure For example, no animal is 'saved' by going vegan. No animal is freed by shutting down any particular animal business or fur shop. Animals that are presently in the system will just be repurposed. But by reducing aggregate demand for animals on a larger scale, you weaken the system as a whole and lay the ground work for social transformation. By understanding how nonhuman animals function as commodities and commodities producers and how their lives are governed by their usefulness to businesses, you can better fine tune your activism for more effective work.
  5. Inform yourself (and others) about nonhuman (and human) animals themselves (read a book on ethology or biology, take a course, or take a degree). Thinking seriously about what it means to be a nonhuman means understanding the similarities and the differences. You don't need to use your imagination; you can use science! Science is that stuff that tells us that animals are sentient and helps us know how we can care for our companions. There are a lot of challenges to vegans in scientific work, but they're not insurmountable. Observe the animals in your life and think about their experience in order to better treat them as ends in themselves. Read books about cognitive ethology. Focus on understanding nonhuman animal behaviour from a scientific perspective in an effort to cultivate a relationship with nonhumans that understands them as an end in themselves, the way they really are, rather than trying to imagine them as being like you. Make friends with animal scientists and try to get them to understand that nonhuman animals are persons, too. Generally, cultivate an appreciation for science. It helps us solve problems.
  6. Educate your vet, your doctor, your chiropractor or your chakra aligner about veganism and AR. Health, medical and health science professionals still don't really understand veganism anymore than any other profession, let alone animal rights. When you educate someone in a health care profession about veganism and animal rights, you help other vegans get better health services, you also help to educate professionals who can legitimately argue that there are no health or environmental necessities to animal use, provide companions with appropriate medical care and generally help to cut through the pseudo-scientific propaganda about the necessity or morality of animal use for human health or the environment.
  7. Rescue a nonhuman animal, volunteer at a shelter or start your own. There are thousands upon thousands of animals whose lives are in danger in North America alone (often from the animal welfare organizations that are nominally claiming to protect them). No need for a balaclava and bolt cutters. You can help save animals through perfectly legal means with adoption. Or, you can help to restore a nonhuman animal's personhood just by volunteering to spend time with them in a way that treats them as an end in themselves with dog walking, fostering shelter animals and helping them to be adopted into homes by people who understand that the animals they are adopting have a right not to be used as property. You can also start your own shelter, but first, get a thorough and detailed understanding of animal ethology, find a vet who can provide you with services at cost and start a savings account. Shelters are expensive, and when no kill shelters fail to take good care of the animals in their charge, it buoys PeTA's euthanasia campaigns.
  8. Speak up against speciesism and practice saying 'no'. Speciesism can be difficult to understand. The best thing you can do to avoid speciesist thinking and behaviour is to try to cultivate a habit of thinking about animals as ends in themselves and what that means in terms of your day to day life. As ends in themselves, animals are not ours to use, for food, for clothing, for entertainment, obviously, but they're also not ours for our educational purposes, to entertain friend and relatives, for photo opportunities, to help us feel better about ourselves or to advance veganism. Try to make any decision about animals in such a way that you treat them exclusively as ends in themselves, thinking clearly about what's best for them (and don't forget, unfortunately, people are animals, too).
If you can, do all ten, but if you do only one, do the first. Only do what you can and don't get emotionally invested in changing the world in one go. What nonhuman animals need are long-term activists (as Nathan Schneider has suggested) who are committed to laying the difficult groundwork for social change that won't happen overnight, but will never happen without committed activists. Just by respecting the rights of animals not to be used as property, explaining why you consider it wrong to use animals, you provide a clear, consistent explanation about what veganism is and why it's important (indeed, a moral imperative), while also helping to reduce the demand for animal slavery. Remember, if everyone went vegan tomorrow, animal slavery would come to a grinding halt. Although it wouldn't be the end of the struggle against speciesism, abolition of the property status of animals is the first major and most meaninful milestone.
http://www.animalrightsblog.com/

http://abolitionistanimalrights.blogspot.com/

Animal Links

Animal-Related Links (from animalethics)

Books on Animal Ethics

Books on Animal Ethics (in Chronological Order, by Date of Publication)
From : http://animalethics.blogspot.com/


    Thomas Taylor, A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes (1792)

    Henry S. Salt, The Logic of Vegetarianism: Essays and Dialogues (1899)

    Peter Singer, Animal Liberation (1975)

    Barry Holstun Lopez, Of Wolves and Men (1978)

    R. G. Frey, Interests and Rights: The Case Against Animals (1980)

    Tom Regan, The Case for Animal Rights (1983)

    R. G. Frey, Rights, Killing, and Suffering: Moral Vegetarianism and Applied Ethics (1983)

    Mary Midgley, Animals and Why They Matter (1983)

    Peter Singer, ed., In Defense of Animals (1985)

    S. F. Sapontzis, Morals, Reason, and Animals (1987)

    Richard D. Ryder, Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism (1989)

    Tom Regan and Peter Singer, eds., Animal Rights and Human Obligations, 2d ed. (1989)

    Gill Langley, ed., Animal Experimentation: The Consensus Changes (1989)

    Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, 2d ed. (1990)

    Jim Mason and Peter Singer, Animal Factories, rev. and updated ed. (1990)

    James Rachels, Created from Animals: The Moral Implications of Darwinism (1990)

    Rosemary Rodd, Biology, Ethics, and Animals (1990)

    Peter Carruthers, The Animals Issue: Moral Theory in Practice (1992)

    Bernard E. Rollin, Animal Rights and Human Morality (1992)

    Richard Sorabji, Animal Minds and Human Morals: The Origins of the Western Debate (1993)

    Lawrence Finsen and Susan Finsen, The Animal Rights Movement in America: From Compassion to Respect (1994)

    Gary L. Francione, Animals, Property, and the Law (1995)

    Gary L. Francione, Rain Without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement (1996)

    Hugh LaFollette and Niall Shanks, Brute Science: Dilemmas of Animal Experimentation (1996)

    David DeGrazia, Taking Animals Seriously: Mental Life and Moral Status (1996)

    Karen Davis, Prisoned Chickens, Poisoned Eggs: An Inside Look at the Modern Poultry Industry (1996)

    Gail Eisnitz, Slaughterhouse: The Shocking Story of Greed, Neglect, and Inhumane Treatment Inside the U.S. Meat Industry (1997)

    Angus Taylor, Magpies, Monkeys, and Morals: What Philosophers Say About Animal Liberation (1999)

    Stephen Budiansky, The Covenant of the Wild: Why Animals Chose Domestication, with a New Preface (1999)

    Steven M. Wise, Rattling the Cage: Toward Legal Rights for Animals (2000)

    Helmut F. Kaplan, Tierrechte: Die Philosophie einer Befreiungsbewegung (2000)

    Tom Regan and Carl Cohen, The Animal Rights Debate (2001)

    Matthew Scully, Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy (2002)

    Angus Taylor, Animals and Ethics: An Overview of the Philosophical Debate (2003)

    Tom Regan, Animal Rights, Human Wrongs: An Introduction to Moral Philosophy (2003)

    Tom Regan, Empty Cages: Facing the Challenge of Animal Rights (2004)

    Cass R. Sunstein and Martha C. Nussbaum, eds., Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions (2004)

Contributors include:
Elizabeth Anderson
Cora Diamond
Richard A. Epstein
David Favre
Gary L. Francione
Gisela Kaplan
Catharine A. MacKinnon
Richard A. Posner
James Rachels^l Lesley J. Rogers
Peter Singer
Mariann Sullivan
Stephen M. Wise
David J. Wolfson


    Julian H. Franklin, Animal Rights and Moral Philosophy (2005)

    Gary Steiner, Anthropocentrism and Its Discontents: The Moral Status of Animals in the History of Western Philosophy (2005)

    Peter Singer and Jim Mason, The Way We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter (2006)

    Clare Palmer, ed., Animal Rights (2008)

Introduction to Animal Rights: Your Child or the Dog? (2002) by Gary Francione

Rain Without Thunder: the Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement (1996) by Gary Francione

Animals, Property, and the Law (1995) by Gary Francione

Animals as Persons: Essays on the Abolition of Animal Exploitation (2008) by Gary Francione

Making a Killing: the Political Economy of Animal Rights (2007) by Bob Torres

Becoming Vegan: the Complete Guide to Adopting a Healthy Plant-Based Diet (2000) by Brenda Davis and Vesanto Melina